Loyalty

Loyalty is a characteristic of a Planeswalker, as introduced in Lorwyn.

Although mechanically similar to life, it is flavorwise not the same. Flavorwise, damage that would otherwise be fatal doesn't "kill" a planeswalker, it just discourages them from helping you and causes them to leave (sent to graveyard).

Rules
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Rulings

 * Damage dealt to a planeswalker causes that many loyalty counters to be removed from it. This is a damage result; see rule 119.3c.
 * A planeswalker with loyalty 0 is put into its owner's graveyard. This is a state-based effect; see rule 704.5i.